Intellectual Property Rights: Copyright and Patent

Term Paper: Intellectual Property Rights: Copyright and Patent BY Indra2002 Term Paper: Intellectual Property Rights: Copyright and Patent Copyrights and patents hold a major importance for business owners, and companies. I will discuss in detail what a copyright and patent are and the importance the two of them hold. What is Intellectual Property Rights; it refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce which leads to patents. What is a patent?A patent is an exclusive right ranted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. In order to be patentable, the invention must fulfill certain conditions which are it must be new, inventive, and industrial applicable. Novelty meaning the invention must not e known before you file your application. It does not matter how, by whom or when in the world it has been made known. The invention counts as known even if it is you yourself who has used or published it.Inventive step is meant that the invention must differ significantly from what is already known. The solution must not be obvious to a person skilled in that technical area. That means new ways of combining known methods or objects are not necessarily patentable. Industrial applicability the invention must be industrially applicable. An invention is considered industrially applicable if it can be produced or utilized in any kind of industry but also other activities, such as transport, agriculture, hunting, public services and medical services.What is the purpose ot a patent? A patent provides protection tor the invention to the owner of the patent. The protection is a limited protection time, which is generally 20 years. The type of protection a patent provides is that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed, or sold without the patient owners consent. These patent rights are usually enforced in a court. Why are patents necessary? Patents provide incentivizes to individuals by offering the recognition for their creativity and material reward for their marketable inventions.These incentives encourage innovations which assure that the quality of human life is continuously enhanced. You may ask what rights does a patent owner have, a owner has the right to decide who may -or may not- use the patented invention for the period in which he invention is protected. The patent owner may give permission to or, license, other parties to use the invention on mutually agreed terms. The owner may also sell the right to someone else, who will become the new owner of the patent.Once a patent expires, the protection ends, and an enters the public domain, which is when the owner no longer holds exclusive rights to the invention and becomes available to commercial exploration by others. Patents are present in every aspect of human life, from electri c lighting (patents held by Edison and Swan) and plastic (patents held by Baekeland), to ballpoint pens (patents held by Biro). What Is Copyright? † What Is Copyright? N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. How is a patent granted?The first step in securing a patent is to file a patent application. The patent application generally contains the title of the invention, as well as an indication of its technical field, it must include the background and a description of the invention, in clear language and enough detail that an individual with average understanding of the field could use or reproduce the invention. Such descriptions are usually accompanied by visual materials such as drawings, plans, or iagrams to better describe the invention.The application also contains various â€Å"claims† that is, information which determines the extent of protection granted by the patent. â€Å"Copyright vs. Trademark vs. Patent. † Copyright vs. Trademark vs. Patent. N. p. , n. d. w eb. 18 Mar. 2013. What kinds of inventions can be protected? An invention must, in general, fulfill the following conditions to be protected by a patient must be of practical use, it must show an element of novelty, that is, some new characteristic which is not known in the body of existing knowledge in its technical field.This body of existing knowledge is called â€Å"prior art†. The invention must show an invention step which could not be deducted by a person with average knowledge of the technical field. Finally, its subject matter must be accepted as â€Å"patentable† under law in many countries, scientific theories, mathematical methods, plant or animal varieties, discoveries of natural substances, commercial methods for medical treatment (as opposed to medical products) are generally not patentable. Who grants a patent?The national patent office or regional office that works with number of countries, such as the European Patent Office and the African Regional In tellectual Property Organization. Under such regional systems, an applicant requests protection for the invention in one or more countries, and each country decides as to whether to offer patent protection within its borders. The WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) provides for the filing of a single international patent application which has the same ettect as national applications tiled in the designed countries.An applicant seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory tates as needed. â€Å"What Is Copyright? † What Is Copyright? N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. What is a copyright? A copyright is a form of protection grounded in the U. S. Constitution and granted by law for original works of authorship fixed in a medium of expression. Copyright covers both published and unpublished works. What does copyright protect?Copyright, a form of intellectual property law protects original works of authorship including litera ry, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as property, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture. Copyright does ot protect facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed. How is a copyright different from a patent or a trademark? Copyright protects original works of authorship, while a patent protects inventions or discoveries.Ideas and discoveries are not protected by the copyright law, although the way in which they are expressed may be. A trademark protects words, phrases words, symbols, or designs identifying the source of the goods and services of one party and distinguishing them from those of others. When is my work protected? Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created and fixed in a tangible form that it is perceptible either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. Copyright may or may not be available for titles, slogans, or logos, depending on whether they con tain sufficient authorship.In most circumstances copyright does not protect names. Many people may ask why they should register their work if copyright protection is automatic. Registration is recommended for a number of reasons. Many choose to register their works because they wish to have the facts of their copyright on the public record and have a certification of egistration. Registration works may be eligible for statutory damages and attorneys fees in successful litigation. Finally, if registration occurs within 5 years of publication, it is considered â€Å"prima facie† evidence in a court of law.The United States has copyright relations with most countries throughout the world, and as a result of these agreements, we honor each other's citizens' copyrights. However the United States does not have such copyright relationships with every country. Many creative works protected by copyright require mass distribution, communication and inancial investment for their dissemi nation (for example, publications, sound recordings and films); hence, creators often sell the rights to their works to individuals or companies best able to market the works in return for payment.These payments are often made dependent on the actual use of the work, and are then referred to as royalties. I have found unlimited sources and information regarding patents and copyright, with all the information I now have a clear understanding exactly what is the differences with a title or name of a company and the steps to truly make an invention yours with ownership.

The Basic Maketing Concept

The report also hopes to target specific business functions and show ways of using the marketing concept to improve them. It will also identify ways in which marketing can help achieve various goals within the organisation. The Marketing Concept (alternatively known as a ‘business philosophy' or ‘a way of doing business') has become an effective way of improving the overall performance of many businesses in recent years. Companies have realised that in order to make profits and sustain them, they must consider the needs and wants of their customers. They must then compare these needs and wants to the product or service that they currently offer. The concept of marketing is based upon the idea that if the customer has a need and is satisfied with the product, then ultimately sales will be good – hence profit will be good. It goes without saying that every company's aim is to maximise their profit margin, but in order to do this, some tend to focus too much on the selling aspect and not enough on the actual customer. A Company can be orientated in different ways: A sales orientated company will focus purely on the amount that they sell, working on the assumption that sales and sales only can make money. Companies adopting this attitude have come under scrutiny, due to the actions of over-zealous salesmen who will stop at nothing to get a sale – you are probably familiar with the phrase â€Å"never trust a salesman†. This way of doing business is no longer acceptable as it has become apparent that in order to sell something, someone must want to buy it. The old style of â€Å"conning† the customer into buying goods whether they need them or not, purely to ensure a sale, is now shunned by most industries. A marketing orientated company is a customer orientated company. They take into account customer requirements and focus on them. Communication between a company and their customers is essential to ensure the success of any marketing method. Market research is used to identify specific requirements of both existing and potential customers. Satisfied customers are loyal customers who will inevitably create repeat business as well as providing free word-of-mouth advertising. This would undoubtedly result in increased profits. A production orientated company will focus purely on the production of their product. A company who cares enough about their ability to produce goods of only the highest quality possible must be admired for their dedication. However, dedication does not necessarily guarantee profit, and without profit, a company could easily fold. Although a similar concept to the one of the production orientated company (above), the product orientated company focuses on the product itself. The aim is to make the best product possible. Research and development is usually involved in the process, ensuring that there is a substantial demand for the product. It is hoped that a company will end up with a high quality product that will sell. The marketing mix consists of various factors that a company can mix to determine of there is a match between the needs of the customer and what the company currently offers them. There are four main elements of the marketing mix – Defining the characteristics of the product to meet customer requirements e.g. introducing optional features with a product that are not standard or providing an additional warranty that may not be deemed necessary in law, i.e. providing more than legally necessary with regard to the product. An important element of the marketing mix, the price places a value on the product. It is possible for the buyer and the seller to compare this price to that of competing products. It is then possible to alter the customer's perception of the value by offering additional elements such as cash trade discounts, credit facilities and easy payment terms. From the marketing point of view, the price is the ultimate way of calculating profit. Another word for distribution of the product. The product must be easily available to the customer in order for it to sell well. There are various channels in which a product can be distributed. For example, TJ600 would probably choose to distribute their goods by way of a supplier, but they could also introduce a direct mail order service to increase sales. In deciding which methods to use, you must first consider who your potential customers are and where they are likely to shop for these products. Although part of the marketing mix, promotion consists of four elements of its own called the â€Å"Promotion Mix†. These are – Advertising – paid presentations such as television advertising, newspapers and posters fliers etc Public Relations – the launch of a new product and the ways it can be promoted to the trade and consumer press Personal Selling – a method of promoting sales by means of oral communication. This can be either face to face or over the telephone. Sales Promotion – a way of enhancing consumer purchasing. This usually consists of displays, shows and exhibitions. Market Research is used to identify not only customer requirements but to identify any marketing problems that the company may be experiencing. Planning is extremely important when compiling the data to be used in the market research. In order for the results to be accurate, the questions asked must be relevant. This will involve discussions with marketing management and on occasion, outside consultants. Research can be used to improve any element of the product (detailed in the marketing mix). When considering any form of market research, it is important that any external factors affecting the results are considered. These are commonly known as PEST: Political – any new legislation that may affect the product Economic – unemployment rates, spending power of the consumer Social – environmental issues that may affect the product Technological – introduction of new technology that may affect the company Once a decision has been reached regarding the purpose and content of the research, it is necessary to determine the best way of getting a response. There are numerous ways of conducting market research, including postal surveys, telephone surveys and face to face interviews. The best response rate, however, tends to be with face to face interviews (usually questionnaires), due to the fact that an immediate response is given by the interviewee. It is vital that once data has been collected that it is carefully reviewed, in order to interpret the information given as a result of the research. Additional research may be carried out if the data shows that there is another area that can be improved upon. In order for a company to go forward in business, they must set objectives goals. These usually form questions relating to the business, such as: For example, the organisational goals of TJ600 may be to: Expand product range & distribution These objectives are usually made at a strategic level – in this case the managing director would be responsible for setting the objectives. It is reasonable to assume that TJ600 are aware of their position in the manufacturing business, due to the fact that they have been successful for 20 years. The goals detailed above give an idea of where the company would like to be in the future. All that is left is to figure out how to get there and it is at this point that marketing plays its role. Outlined below are ways that marketing could help achieve the aforementioned goals: In order to retain customer loyalty, it is important that the customer is satisfied with the product they currently buy. Market research is extremely useful in identifying customer needs and to establish whether or not they are completely satisfied with the product. It is at this point that elements of the marketing mix can be used to alter certain characteristics of an existing product e.g. if market research was to show that existing customers were basically satisfied with a product supplied by TJ600, but would welcome more after sales service, then management would want to look at the product element of the marketing mix. It is possible from there to ascertain whether extended warranties etc would be viable to the business with regards to cost effectiveness i.e. would additional staff be required? Again, market research is useful to determine whether there is a market for expansion of a certain product or expansion of an existing product to another country. Past and present success of a company cannot be taken as a guarantee for the future. Many large companies invest in regular market research to ensure that they stay one step ahead of their competitors. Although TJ600 has had continuing success in the past, it would be rather arrogant to expect the same success in the future. Expansion is a good way of improving on something that is already popular and offering the customer more choice at the same time. In today's business world, it is inevitable that at one point someone will offer customers an improvement on their current product. Investing in market research will help to ensure that, if a product would benefit from expansion, then you will be first to do it. Once a company has established their organisational goals and the marketing methods that they are going to use to achieve them, they must ensure that they have the co-operation of every department. Communication plays a vital part in marketing to ensure that the changes are implemented with maximum effect. For example, using the organisational goals detailed previously for TJ600, it would not be possible to make changes to the product range by consulting only the production department. Outlined below are the roles that other business functions would play in marketing: The finance department is usually responsible for setting annual budgets for the whole of the company and expects other departments to adhere to them. They are also responsible for setting time limits on credit facilities and these sometimes tend to be shorter than the customer would like. Communication between the finance department and marketing could look to improve credit terms if required and may allow room for compromise if a certain department required more money. It is the responsibility of the finance department to ensure that the company makes a profit and they may not be keen to spend more money or wait longer for customers to pay. This is where communication plays an important role; if it is explained from a marketing point of view that these additional costs would result in a higher market share or increased sales, then the finance department would realise that this would lead to increased profits. The production department is unlikely to welcome the idea of modifications or improvements to the product. They tend to work in long production runs and like to keep things as standard as possible. Communication between marketing and the production department may help them understand the need for improvements to a certain product – it may be that improvements are necessary in order for them to stay ahead of competitors in the same market. It is vital to the smooth running of any organisation that the right people are employed for the right jobs e.g. marketing may have highlighted the need for customised orders to be introduced, which in turn would mean that staff are required to work more flexible hours. It is the responsibility of the personnel department to ensure that the company has adequate staff to meet these requirements.

Nonverbal Communication And Its Impact On Social Environment

Communication is a process in which people verbally or non-verbally share information and ideas. Nonverbal communication is generally defined as, â€Å"conveying something without words. It includes hand gestures, facial expressions and other such body language or cues that communicate something† (Mirriam-Webster 2014). It is often used to make an expression of a thought or thoughts and may make your message more appealing and interesting to whom you are speaking. This form of communication generally has a great influence over our social environment and the entire communication process. There are several types of nonverbal communication; paralanguage, body movement, facial expressions, eye messages, attractiveness, clothing, space and†¦show more content†¦The patrons of the restaurant consisted of all types of ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic statuses and genders. There were several distinctive patterns of behavior amongst everyone and they all seemed to have different, yet distinct, sets of nonverbal communicative behaviors. I observed two different groups, the elderly and the middle-aged adults. In order to remain impartial, I observed them differently to determine the differences that age and gender play a role in nonverbal behavior rules. I found that elderly people tend stand a lot closer to people they don’t know than their middle-aged adult counterparts. They also speak slower, allow more time to process information, and will often approach people from the front. I noticed a huge difference in the middle-aged. Whether male or female, middle- aged people spoke a lot faster than the elderly men and women. They often responded without allowing the person they were speaking to, to finish their thought and stood farther away from the person they were speaking to as well. I also noticed that several middle-agers, both male and female, often approached people from the side or from behind. In addition to the types and rules of nonverbal communication, I’ve learned there are five essential functions of nonverbal communication; accentuation, contradiction, regulation, reinforcement, and substitution. These functions can complement, regulate, or

Campbells Five-Viewpoints - 1079 Words

The five-paragraph formula is a destructive formula that cuts the blood flow of creativity from students. As Campbell essentially argues in his paper, â€Å"Beyond the Five-Paragraph Essay.† Campbell’s main idea that he reiterates and stresses over and over again; is that the five-paragraph formula doesn’t properly allow students to express themselves with their own unique voice through writing. The alternatives to the five-paragraph formula are better suited for students as they allow students to use as he stated, â€Å"their authentic, authoritative voices. Campbell sets the scene by showing how some teachers defended the five-paragraph formula when he was doing a presentation on common core standards. Campbell’s main reason for writing the†¦show more content†¦Campbell did a great job in laying out and showing the main reasons and arguments against the five-paragraph formula. However, in terms of his essay, he neglected to mention a few things that would’ve further enriched his essay. One of the critical aspects he neglected to mention that I would add would be mainly statistics instead of heavily relying on anecdotal evidence. For example, on page 62 as he is discussing the key issues with the formula he stated, â€Å"it doesn’t ensure success on standardized tests—or in college.† I would’ve added a statistics further enriching the say by getting his point across and having a somewhat of a shock factor. A shock factor would’ve really made his point stand out and would not just have the essay rely on anecdotal evidence but a mixture of scientific and anecdotal evidence. Moreover, I would’ve also included a more sound concluding paragraph. I felt like the last paragraph left a somewhat sour taste in my mouth; I would’ve added now that they are able to write better essays their writing has drastically improved and really highlighted the overall difference in quality between using different formulas. I believe that would’ve enriched the essay and left a more sound concluding paragraph with a much sweeter taste. From the get-go Campbell’s voice was established and had a booming presence throughout. He also had his ideas shine through and not get muffled when referencing other people’s works; truly elevating andShow MoreRelatedAn Empire for Slavery Book Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesRandolph B. Campbells An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas provides in an in depth look at the slavery existence in the state of Texas. He provides the factors that explain the establishment and growth of slavery. Campbell also explains the economic and legal institution of Texas, and explores the physical and psychological effects of both slaves and their masters prior to the Civil War, during, and after emancipation. Campbell provides clear detail of slaverys impact on TexasRead MoreStrengths And Limitations Of Qualitative Research1394 Words   |  6 Pagesparadigm and the requirements of the researcher. Qualitative research particularly doesn’t involve numerical data but studies and collects data in an empirical form. Kerlinger’s view (1966) completely rejected the idea of qualitative research whereas Campbell’s idea (Mile Huberman, 1994) stated all research has a qualitative basis. However, it becomes important to be aware of the major advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research in order to answer the research question thoroughly. My concernRead MoreCommunication Between Physicians And Patients2285 Words   |  10 Pagesthat fifty percent of psychosocial and psychiatric problems are missed, that physicians interrupt patients an average of eighteen seconds into the patient’s description of the presenting problem, that fifty-four percent of patient problems and forty-five percent of patient concerns are neither elicited by the physician nor disclosed by the patient,† that patients and physicians do not agree on the main presenting problem in fifty percent of visits and that patients are dissatisfied with the informationRead MoreLady Macbeth By William Shakespeare2143 Words   |  9 Pagesmental state. As Macbeth continues to murder in order to solidify his position as King of Scotland, Lady Macbeth becomes mentally unstable because she cannot handle the guilt or the effect that the murder has had on her husband. For instance, in Act Five Lady Macbeth is shown sleepwalking and speaking to herself. The doctor cannot figure out what is wrong with her, and the audience can tell that she has gone hysterical (V.i.34-72). This is because she represses her feelings instead of expressing them;Read MoreEssay on The Fast Food Culture is Detroying America4188 Words   |  17 Pagescountries where dairy products are consumed in the largest quantities -- the United States, Finland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Nathan Pritikin studied the medical research on osteoporosis, and found no basis at all for the Dairy Council viewpoint: African Bantu women take in only 350 mg. of calcium per day. They bear nine children during their lifetime and breast feed them for two years. They never have calcium deficiency, seldom break a bone, rarely lose a tooth. Their children growRead MoreReaction to My Sisters Keeper Movie5317 Words   |  22 Pagesfirst child is born, Paige becomes frustrated with the pressures of motherhood and increasingly estranged from the busy Nicholas. 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Along the way, the book focuses on developing the following five skills: (1) writing logically, (2) detecting inconsistency and lack of clarity in a group of sentences, (3) spotting issues and arguments, (4) detecting and avoiding fallacies (reasoning errors), and (5) generating and improving arguments and explanationsRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pageswhich brand equity is based will differ from context to context. However, they can be usefully grouped into five categories: 1. Brand loyalty 2. Name awareness 3. Perceived quality 4. Brand associations in addition to perceived quality 5. Other proprietary brand assets—patents, trademarks, channel relationships, etc. The concept of brand equity is summarized in Figure below. The five categories of assets that underlie brand equity are shown as being the basis of brand equity. The figure also

Thesis Copy - 6438 Words

WIRELESS FINGERPRINT BASED STUDENT ATTENDANCE SYSTEM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering by Debidutt Acharya(10602015) and Arun Kumar Mishra(10602061) Under the guidance of Prof. Susmita Das Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008 2010 WIRELESS FINGERPRINT BASED STUDENT ATTENDANCE SYSTEM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering by Debidutt Acharya(10602015) and Arun Kumar Mishra(10602061) Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology†¦show more content†¦Tech. Project aims at introducing biometric capable technology for use in automating the entire attendance system for the students pursuing courses at an educational institute. The goal can be disintegrated into finer sub-targets; fingerprint capture transfer, fingerprint image processing and wireless transfer of data in a server-client system. For each sub-task, various methods from literature are analyzed. From the study of the entire process, an integrated approach is proposed. Biometrics based technologies are supposed to be very efficient personal identifiers as they can keep track of characteristics believed to be unique to each person. Among these technologies, Fingerprint recognition is universally applied. It extracts minutia- based features from scanned images of fingerprints made by the different ridges on the fingertips. 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Cyber Terrorism and Digital Crime

Questions: 1. Analyze of at least five identification, authentication, and access control methods organizations use to resist possible attacks? 2. Evaluate these methods and discuss how they can make an organization vulnerable to possible attacks? 3. Discuss ways to improve each of these methods to help ensure the organization is safe against possible attacks? Answers: Introduction Cyber terrorism is an act of terrorism through internet and it is also an activity done by the terrorists. The term Cyber terrorism is a contentious term and according to some authors known terrorists organizations attacks and create panic among the common public as it is their main aim to create error among the public. The terrorism created through the internet is not easily tracked so it becomes more difficult to keep people tension free as there is no accurate news that who released the news of the attacks. According to (Girard, 2013), Cyber terrorism was well known as cyber crime but Cyber terrorism should be the exact term as with the help of internet the terrorist spreads the news of attacks it becomes very difficult for the organizations to trace that from where and who spread the news and as the person is not traced then people panics that there will be attack and becomes difficult for the police to keep control among the crowd which goes out of control after getting the news (Kumar, Mittal, 2012). Identifying the methods that the organization uses to resist for possible cyber attacks- Asset Identification Before securing the networks it is mandatory to identify each and every component that is used for making the components. An asset inventory needs to be created which will be including all the devices and end-points of networks and also the servers and the hosts of networks. Vulnerability Assessment After identifying the networks the vulnerability can be accessed. The vulnerability also has the weakness in configuration, security policy or technology. The vulnerability that is discovered can be threats and it can take the advantages of these vulnerabilities. Threat identification-The threats takes the advantages of the vulnerability and creates a disadvantage for the networks. The potential threats of the network need to identify fast so the risk can be minimized (Czosseck, Ottis, Talihrm, 2013). Firewalls- Before receiving or sending any data or mails the data will be filtered so that no virus does with the data to anyone. Firewalls help in filtering so that while receiving or sending any data no virus or malware will go or we will receive with those data. Usage of antivirus- With the usage of antivirus helps in tracking the antivirus and removes them from the systems so that the system does not gets affected and also secure the system from unnecessary threats. These methods helps the organization in identifying the possible attacks and then authenticate and access the controls so that the possible attacks can be stopped from destroying the system and also resists from spreading the virus or the terrorism all over. After identifying the attacks the organization takes necessary steps so that they can save the organizations and also the systems from the possible attacks which has been coming towards them (Collins, McCombie, 2012). Evaluating this methods that ensures in making the organizations vulnerable to possible attacks With the security designs some types of trade offs are occurring among the security measures and user productivity. The main goals of the security designs are that they provide security to maximum level and the security which they are providing useful impact on the productivity and also on the user access. Along with all this the unnecessary data or after the verification and authorization the organizations can prevent all the unwanted things which can damage the systems so that they can keep the system from unnecessary threats so that the organizations can enhance good productivity of all ethical data without any disturbance of threats (Jewkes, Yar, Eds 2013). Productivity tools are used in the networks so that they can design it according to the need to particular business (Jarvis, Nouri, Whiting, 2015). The security policy they can implement in those networks in such a way so that those security walls safeguards the security of the systems of the organizations. When the security walls will be made some points need to be ensured that the security policy should not know about the operating policy of the organization as if by any means the security policy gets cracked or traced by the hackers or the terrorists groups then all the details of the organizations will go in their hand and then they can use those details against the organizations and also against the government of the country which is not at all acceptable by anyone (Altheide, 2014). So, when the security policies will be made then some things need to be kept in mind and the security models need to be made accordingly. So, the organizations need to update their policies systemat ically so that no one gets to knows about the operation system of the organization otherwise it will be very risky for the organization and then again they will be under the scrutiny of threats (Holt, 2012). The design of the security models varies from each other. While making security model three general steps are restrictive, open and closed. So, the important points are while making the security models are- In the starting point the security models can be closed or open While making the security models the best ends need to be mix with the technology and productivity of the security then they can implement those technologies in the models. The locker of the security model should also include the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology. In the open access the security model can be easily implemented and then security measures are implemented in the designs. But the firewalls, intrusion detection system cannot be easily implemented in the open end security system (Day, 2014). But in the close security system the security models takes a little time while they are implemented in the systems of the organizations but the firewalls, antivirus are easily implemented in the close system (Mugabi, Bishop, 2014). As in the close system no one can easily access so there is less chance of attacking the systems with the threats. Along with that if there is any threat enters into the system then with the help of antivirus those threats can be blocked which will be a great help for the organization as they will be able to protect from threats (Halder, Jaishankar, Jaishankar, 2012). Along with all this there is a type of system called Resistance Assess which helps the organization and also the system models in resisting the access of the system when there is threat in the system. These systems make the people aware by giving certain types of messages that there are threats in the system and while using the system they should run the firewall and the antivirus which will kill the virus so that the system does not gets affected further. Along with that if the firewalls or the antivirus are not updated then they gives the message to update those software so that they are able to resist the threats (Dawson, Omar, 2015). Improving the methods to ensure the safety of the organization against attacks When the organizations are implementing security models in their organization they have to ensure the safety so that the threat does not damage the systems and along with that does not hack the operating the systems of the organization or else it will be a problem for the organization as all the details will be out to the hackers and they can use those details against them (Dawson, 2015). So, after making the security models they need to be updated after every certain time of interval so that the systems can be able to resist the virus and the malwares which have the capabilities of resisting the threats which are coming in their way to damage the systems (Gilmour, 2014). So, the organizations have to keep all the system updated so that they have the capability of resisting all the threats and this will help them in protecting them from all the attacks which will be coming in their way. Along with all this the organizations also need to use those firewalls which will be able to prote ct the systems from attacks and the employees of the organizations also have to be aware before clicking any links that whether there is any kind of threats or attacks in those links (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, 2014). Conclusion In a nutshell it can be said that now days cyber terrorism is one of the most dangerous threats which has the capability of destroying a lot of things in a system and along with that it creates panic among public then it becomes difficult for the cyber crime police all this. So, it is necessary for all the organizations to take certain measures which will save them and their systems from the different types of threats and attacks which are coming in their way and along with that security models that are using in the in the systems for protecting them need to be updated from time to time so that they are capable to resisting the attacks. References Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., Liederbach, J. (2014).Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press Dawson, M. (2015). A Brief Review of New Threats and Countermeasures in Digital Crime and Cyber Terrorism. Dawson, M., Omar, M. (2015). New Threats and Countermeasures in Digital Crime and Cyber Terrorism Day, P. (2014).Cyber Attack: The Truth about Digital Crime, Cyber Warfare and Government Snooping. Carlton Books, Ltd Halder, D., Jaishankar, K., Jaishankar, K. (2012).Cyber crime and the victimization of women: laws, rights and regulations. Information Science Reference. Jewkes, Y., Yar, M. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of Internet crime. Routledge. Girard, J. E. (2013).Criminalistics: Forensic science, crime, and terrorism. Jones Bartlett Publishers Mugabi, I., Bishop, J. (2014). The Need for a Dualist Application of Public and Private Law in Great Britain Following the Use of Flame TrollingDuring the 2011 UK Riots: A Review and Model.Handbook of Research on New Threats and Countermeasures in Digital Crime and Cyber Terrorism. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Holt, T. J. (2012). Exploring the intersections of technology, crime, and terror.Terrorism and Political Violence,24(2), 337-354. Collins, S., McCombie, S. (2012). Stuxnet: the emergence of a new cyber weapon and its implications.Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism,7(1), 80-91. Kumar, P., Mittal, S. (2012). The perpetration and prevention of cyber crime: an analysis of cyber terrorism in India.International Journal of Technoethics (IJT),3(1), 43-52. Jarvis, L., Nouri, L., Whiting, A. (2015). 11 Terrorism, violence and conflict in the digital age.Researching Terrorism, Peace and Conflict Studies: Interaction, Synthesis and Opposition, 203. Czosseck, C., Ottis, R., Talihrm, A. M. (2013). Estonia after the 2007 cyber attacks: Legal, strategic and organisational changes in cyber security.Case Studies in Information Warfare and Security: For Researchers, Teachers and Students, 72. Gilmour, S. (2014). Policing crime and terrorism in cyberspace: An overview.European Review of Organised Crime,1(1), 143-159. Altheide, D. L. (2014). The Triumph of Fear: Connecting the Dots about Whistleblowers and Surveillance.International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism (IJCWT),4(1), 1-7.

Unit Activity Essays (1253 words) - Mathematics,

Unit Activity Unit: Systems of Equations This activity will help you meet these educational goals: Mathematical Practices-You will make sense of problems and solve them, reason abstractly and quantitatively, use mathematics to model real-world situations, and look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. Introduction In this unit, you used different methods to create and solve linear equations. You modeled scenarios using linear inequalities and solved them with the help of graphs. You studied patterns and sequences and were introduced to function notation, range and domain of functions, and different ways of representing a function. In this activity, you will analyze real-world situations by modeling them as linear equations or inequalities. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: Self-Publishing You've written your first novel and, like many first-time authors, can't find a publisher. So you've decided to self-publish your book. You need to work out the cost of printing the book. a. If the cost of printing the novel includes a base cost of $1,550 plus $4 per book, write a function that represents the cost of printing x copies of the book. Type your response here: b. If you want to cover the printing costs by printing and selling only 50 copies of the book, at what price must you sell the book? Type your response here: c. Based on the book price per copy you calculated in the previous task, write a function to represent your income if you sell x copies. Type your response here: d. After spending $200 on market research, you discover that you can sell many more copies of your book if you price it at $20. Write new functions for both your expenses and your income from selling x copies. Type your response here: e. Use the Edmentum Graphing Tool to graph the two functions you wrote in part d. Examine the graph, and estimate the minimum number of copies of your book you must print and sell to avoid losing money. Capture a screenshot of your graph, and include it with your answer. Type your response here: f. Solve the system of equations you derived in part d to find the exact number of copies (rounded up to the nearest whole number) you need to sell to avoid losing money. Type your response here: Task 2: School Fundraising Your school is planning a fundraising dinner. The expense for this event must not exceed $2,475.00. The team organizing the event has calculated that the cost per adult guest will be $18.00 and the cost per child guest will be $9.00. The venue can hold no more than 150 guests. a. Write a system of inequalities that represents this situation. Type your response here: b. Use the Edmentum Graphing Tool to graph the system of inequalities you created in part a. Highlight the region under each inequality using a different color. Then highlight the region common to both inequalities using a pattern such as horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines. Capture a screenshot of your graph, and paste it in the space provided. Paste your graph here: c. Using the graph, determine the maximum number of adults (rounded up to the nearest whole) who could can attend the dinner and fill the venue to capacity. Type your response here: d. If the event were held in a venue that can accommodate 200 guests, what is the maximum number of adults who could attend if the event fills the venue to capacity? Include a screenshot of your revised graph with your answer. Type your response here: e. If you want to find a venue with a capacity that guarantees you cannot go over budget, what is the maximum number of people the venue will hold? Type your response here: f. The school aims to raise a minimum of $5,250 after paying for all the expenses. If the school collects $50 per guest and chooses a venue that can seat not more than 150 guests, what is the minimum number of children that must attend the event? Include a screenshot of your graph with your response. Type your response here: Task 3: Ancestry of a Male Honeybee Honeybee reproduction is an interesting phenomenon. When a queen bee lays an egg, the egg does not need to be fertilized by a male honeybee to hatch. The egg will develop into a male or a female honeybee depending on whether the egg is fertilized by a male honeybee. The outcome is determined